Associative memory essays

Associative memory essays Most memory devices store and retrieve data by addressing specific memory locations. As a result, this path often becomes the limiting factor for systems that rely on fast memory access. The time required to find an item stored in memory can be reduced considerably if the stored data item can be identified for access by the content of the data itself rather than by its address. Memory that is accessed in this way is called content-addressable memory (CAM) or associative memory. CAM provides a performance advantage over other memory search algorithms (such as binary and tree-based searches or look-aside tag buffers) by comparing the desired information against the entire list of prestored entries simultaneously, often resulting in an order-of-magnitude reduction of search time. CAMs are an outgrowth of RAM which is an integrated circuit that stores data temporarily. Data is stored in RAM at a particular location, which is called an address. In RAM, the user supplies the address and gets the data back. The number of address lines limits the depth of a memory using RAM, but the width of the memory can be extended as far as desired. With CAM, the user supplies the data and gets the address back. The CAM searches through the memory in one-clock cycle and returns the address where the data is found. The CAM can be preloaded at device startup and rewritten during device operation. CAM can accelerate any application requiring fast searches of databases, lists, or patterns, such as in image or voice recognition, or computer and communication designs. For this reason, CAM is used in applications where search time is critical and must be very short. For example, the search key could be the IP address of a network user, and the associated information could be a users access privileges and location on the network. If the search key presented to the CAM is present in the CAMs table, the CAM indicates a match and returns the associa...

Words as Words

Words as Words Words as Words Words as Words By Mark Nichol Using italics and quotation marks to emphasize words and phrases is a useful technique, but for the sake of clarity, such formatting should be used only in the manner described in this post. Italics help readers understand that a word is being presented as the label for a concept and not as a concept itself, just as when one italicizes a letter when one writes â€Å"the letter a† or â€Å"It looks like a z to me.† For example, note the difference in the use of the key word in these sentences: Monarchy is a form of government headed by a king or queen. Monarchy is defined as â€Å"a form of government headed by a king or queen.† The first sentence begins by using a word to identify a form of government- a concept. The second sentence defines the word; it is used to refer not to the concept of the form of government but to the lexical label for the form of government: â€Å"One form of government is monarchy,† but â€Å"The word is monarchy.† Note that the second sentence does not need to specify the word-as-a-word status of monarchy (â€Å"The word monarchy is defined as . . . .†), just as I don’t need to do so in the sentence you are reading right now, but sometimes, as in the last sentence in the previous paragraph, a phrase such as â€Å"the word† occurs naturally. Here’s another example in which a word’s status as a word is explicit: â€Å"I think that the word you are looking for is irony.† And here are two examples that point out the distinction between a word describing a concept and a word used as a word: â€Å"Such a word is called a misnomer,† but â€Å"The word for this is misnomer.† What if the term consists of more than one word? The editor’s desire for order and consistency supports italicization, but enclose phrases as phrases in quotation marks. (Says the grammar cop, â€Å"I don’t make up the rules, ma’am- I just enforce them.†) For example, one would write, â€Å"The phrase in question is ‘plausible denial.’† (Use double quotation marks for a phrase as a phrase such as â€Å"plausible denial†; I used single quotation marks in the example because they appear within a quotation that uses double quotation marks.) Note the distinction between phrase as label for concept and phrase as phrase in these examples: â€Å"Such office settings came to be called cube farms,† but â€Å"Someone came up with the phrase ‘cube farm.’† In addition, in textbooks and instructional manuals, words and phrases are often italicized when the concepts they represent are introduced, even if they are not being identified as words as words. (Sometimes, they are formatted in boldface, but usually this emphasis indicates that these terms are introduced as new vocabulary and defined in a glossary.) In such cases, the emphasis is provided in the first reference only; all subsequent uses of the term are not italicized. Some examples in which words might be emphasized in an educational context (but ordinarily need no emphasis) follow: â€Å"In general, this concept is called contradiction or paradox.† â€Å"This is an example of an idiom.† â€Å"Distinguish between the concepts of fitness and adaptation in evolution.† Two key exceptions in the use of italics for emphasis are writing proper nouns (for example, â€Å"The second p in PayPal is also capitalized†)- though italicizing proper nouns may enhance clarity- and conveying speech (â€Å"Many people say ‘myself’ when they should say ‘me’†); communicating what one might write is more of a gray area, but in these posts, I italicize in such cases (â€Å"Insert that into the sentence†). Italics are used for other forms of emphasis: For example, foreign words (and phrases) are italicized to emphasize their outsider status. (However, many such terms have been adopted into English, so check a dictionary before formatting a foreign-seeming word or phrase; if it has an entry, it is considered an English term and should not be emphasized.) Again, as in the case of introduced concepts and vocabulary, italicize such terms on first reference only (unless just a few instances are scattered throughout a long piece of content; use your judgment in such cases). Italics are also employed to signal an emphasis that would not otherwise be communicated. For example, in the sentence â€Å"It was him!† the default emphasis is on him, conveying that the focus of the sentence is on the identity of a person. But â€Å"It was him!† shifts the emphasis to the verb, communicating that one’s earlier suspicion has been confirmed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?"Confused With" and "Confused About"20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

CLINIQUE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CLINIQUE - Research Paper Example This is imperative for effective advertising communicationii. The medium that has been used for the Clinique advert is print medium - Cosmopolitan magazine. Cosmopolitan is a popular magazine for women between the ages of 18 to 45. They mainly feature topics such as self grooming, sex, relationships and celebrity gossip. This is an ideal medium for conveying Cliniques message as Cosmopolitan is widely read by the consumer group that Clinique wants to target. This print media is also suitable for the target audience because women who have busy lifestyles due to work, family or relationships tend to find relief from browsing through magazines in search of solutions to their lifes little problems and issues. It is the time for thinking, and planning. By including an advert in such a magazine, Clinique catches the attention of the thinking reader, hence the long and explanatory copy. In advertising, understanding the need of the target audience is important to position the product and its message.iii The target audience seems to be older women between the age bracket of 30 years and 45 years who are undergoing the aging process and in need of staying young. Since they lead a busy life perhaps working or caring for a busy family, they look for a daily skin care solution which is easy to use yet achieve the desired effect of having "newborn skin, head to toe". Cliniques positioning is to identify Turnaround attributes with the target audiences desire to "improve skin of all types and tones". Since no price is mentioned, the researcher assumes that the product is expensive. Instead, Clinique wants to focus on what women want most out of a daily cream. They want to position their Turnaround cream as the ultimate solution for women who want to keep their skin "healthy looking", make them feel "young" and look "radiant" upon application. The objectives of the campaign are to extend its Turnaround brand, and make Clinique the authority

Analyze what Takaki means by the racialization of savagery. How did it Essay

Analyze what Takaki means by the racialization of savagery. How did it influence crosscultural relations between Europeans and Native Americans and transplan - Essay Example Takaki meant that racialization of savagery is how one defines the multi-cultural diversity confined in the country that time. It's the political correctness that seemed to hug the essence of scholars and literary greats that was. It is the greed and hope and the changing demographics we have only seen recently but happened to unfold throughout history shaping its people in the process. The very boundlessness of this ethnic and racial difference generated a need to impose interior borders. The idea of preserving racial homogeneity while becoming a multicultural society baffled the policymakers of the new nation. Thus, the introduction of trade opened the market for interaction, perspectives and views that helped fuel multiculturalism and its ensuing debates. Cohesiveness in a society and its norms were preserved to be later handed down to generations ahead. Cross-cultural relationships were formed and various frontiers we... Assumptions are born and labels are attached to the non-conforming to be "accepted" against the standards of that time. A need for others to confirm identity to what one is not has become rampant so long as acceptance followed. Typical European influence early on played a major part against Native Americans and several other fair-skinned or darker skinned peoples believing that black was heathen, foul, stained, dirty, vile, barbaric, and without god or laws, while white symbolized goodness, purity and innocence. Laws and trade and treaties were made to favor white people and punishments were harsher for black or darker skinned citizens. Being made to believe they were natural slaves, even then, multi-culturalism was prevalent but was ignored or subdued, and was set apart as minorities and lower-class citizens. The European assumption prevailed and the English-American identity was defined as black conscious and white favoring. The integration of historical studies to the current cultural and societal issues relate the origins and differences as well as views, patterns and themes that speak to each individual and subliminally suggest or influence his/her outward behavior towards an ethnic or socially different group or individual stems from the past. His acceptance of a people or not is dictated by a lot of factors that may or may not be the general idea accepted now but a reflection of how his race shaped his personality. Injustice, mainly evidenced through the early legal system, injustice in cultural and religious identity, and injustice in the most basic of human interaction, money. The book, and the author described the stark discrimination by the Anglo (white) race played against races that were

Medical report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medical report - Case Study Example Medical report These resolved with courses of ciprofloxacin. Patient also reports chronic knee pain previously diagnosed as osteoarthritis. He uses acetaminophen for mild pain and ibuprofen with more significant pain and stiffness. He reports frequent symptoms of heartburn for which he uses Omeprazole intermittently. He has problems with insomnia since the death of this wife and uses Zolpidem occasionally (1-2 times per week).   Surgical History: Appendectomy at age 35   Family History: RJ is a widower who lives alone in a house that he owns. His wife died 3 years ago from lung cancer attributed to a 40 pack-year smoking history. One sister (age 63) is alive and has diabetes. Both parents are deceased. Father died in an automobile accident at age 68; mother died of breast cancer at age 54.   Social History: RJ has a 60 pack-year smoking history. He has smoked 1.5 to 2 packs per day for 35 years. He reports that he currently smokes 1 to 1.5 packs per day. Patient indicates that he has thought about stopping smoking but feels that there is too much stress right now for him to attempt it. He reports moderate alcohol use (glass of wine 3-4 times a week). He has one adult son (age 30) who is in good health and lives 2 hours away. Results of Pertinent Laboratory Tests, Serum Drug Concentrations, and Diagnostic Tests: Note lab numbers in parentheses are listed to highlight that a lab value may be represented in different units. Numbers in parentheses should correspond with the adjacent number for a lab value. For example, please note normal BUN is 10aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"20 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 3.6-7.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L)   Na (sodium)135   K (potassium) 4   Cl (chloride)104   HCO3 23   Glucose 6.6 (119) BUN 4.6 (13)   Cr (Creatinine)123.8 (1.4) Hct (Hematocrit)0.42 (42) Hgb 136 (Hemoglobin)(13.6) Liver Function Panel:   AST 1.0 (60)   ALT 1.1 (64)   Alk Phos 2.5 (150)   GGT 70 (70)   LDH 3.2 (190)   T Bili 13.7 (0.8)   Spirometry: FEV1 2.5 L, Predicted 3.5 L   FVC 4 L, Predicted 4.2 L   Post Bronchodilator: FEV1 2.7 L   FVC 4.1 L   ABG: pH 7.36, pO2 8.6 (65), pCO2 6.0 (45), Bicarbonate 22, O2 sat 93%   Chest radiograph: consistent with COPD; mildly increased A/P diameter, flattening of diaphragms, diffuse scarring noted bilaterally; no evidenc e of acute infectious or malignant process   Drug/Non-Drug Plan for INSOMNIA related to depression: This patient has many other medical conditions that have much greater importance regarding his well being but

A Marketing Orientation And A Production Orientation Marketing Essay

A Marketing Orientation And A Production Orientation Marketing Essay Marketing can be defined as the company satisfying customer and market needs by creating value through communicating and working with customer. Different company have their different business strategies. Marketing can be classified into many types of, such as consumer orientation, marketing orientation, demand orientation and production orientation. An explanation of the academic meaning of marketing orientation and production orientation will be shown in this essay and then their main difference. Marketing orientation is when a company finished some researches of the customer and society needs before them producing products for the markets. Production orientation is when a company manufacture goods for the market without doing any researches. An example of the Champagne markets in French has succeeded in use marketing orientation, wine industries use production orientation to develop their markets. There are four main differences between marketing orientation and production orientat ion will be discussed in the following words. First of all, their cores are different. Secondly, their selling means are different. Thirdly, their marketing strategies are different. In the end, their goals are different. Marketing orientation refers to an organization in accordance with market demand to develop the business plan. Business objective should be to satisfy customer needs, not just using the existing production equipment or raw materials. An oversupply in the market, industry competition, consumer products or services required for its wide range of choices has been a market context, business managers how to adapt and meet consumer requirements? Enterprises should in-depth analysis of the markets information and change production planning. And then actively develop some new markets. However, business can stimulate consumption and increase profit by follow these findings to product goods and services. Enterprises have to know the sufficient information before they develop a new product. They need to give full consideration to the interests of customers and society. Marketing orientation contains two major components: competitor-focus and customer-focus (Heiens, R 2000). In marketing orientation, its marketing concept is put the interest of consumers first. Many academic marketing researchers think customer-focus is one of the most important aspects of marketing orientation (Heiens, R 2000). Because it stimulate a company has foresight of their planning. A long-term business may more interest in customer-focus than short-term business. Also a customer-focus company can gain large profits and succeed by pay attention on consumer needs (Heiens, R 2000). A competitor-focus business can easily to identity their goodness and weakness through they compete with other strong contenders. Aim is they can always stay at the top in the industry and become a giant corporation in the future. Thus, business can choose to focus on customer needs in a growing market or on competitors in stable markets. If a company only use one orientation may caused an economic policy that is doomed to failure. For example, marketing orientation and consumer orientation always coexist in market. Both of them considered customer and competitive first. Customer orientation means an enterprise to meet customer needs and improve customer value for the business starting objective. In the process of marketing, businesses need to pay attention to consumer preferences and consumer behavior. Business need to attach importance to new product development, marketing innovation and then adapt changefully customer requirements. Consumer orientation is a significant basis for marketing orientation for commodity economy. Business must consider customers spending power or behavior before doing survey and researches to find consumer demand. Hence, there is interaction between the two orientations. Production orientation means company will focus primarily on improving yield, and reducing costs through mass production and compression costs to economies of scale. Ultimately achieve the goal of increasing profits. Although the production orientation is the early stages of development in the commodity economy, the lack of integrated marketing sense. But it still is the most important of the marketing concept for some small companies. It is difficult for them to compete with a big company or huge multinationals. Enterprises will try to find some methods to selling their products, such as advertising. They attracted the attention of consumers by putting advertisings on newspapers or TV ads. There is an example of the small champagne producers in the Champagne region of France. The Champagne region of France has been built for around 1500 years. Its so popular in making wine in the world. At this wine region, over 34,000 hectares have been planted grapes. Most of the larger and well-known producers have set up at Reims and Epernay, centre of the Champagne region. There are also some small growers in the vineyards, each with around two hectares of land. Most of the biggest sized producers are family enterprises, the largest one producing 1.5 million bottles per year and the smallest only 2000. The global wine industries face a more challenging trading environment in nowadays. Wine products have already exceeded consumption in the last twenty years (Osmond Anderson, 1998). There is a general decrease in the French wine industry. However, champagne market still success, both in import and export markets. This success can be believed that champagne producers satisfying international customer demand (Lockshin, L 2002). Meanwhile, the international consumption has decline in the traditional wine producing areas of Europe. Champagne producers have a clear growth strategies and a collaborative approach. They should attach importance to the needs of customers and competitors. They strive on customer needs or tastes and competitors to seek a balance between the marketing concepts, known as marketing orientation. Champagne producers use marketing orientation for their main selling policy. So the key success factors for their enterprise because they understood market demand and help ful to customers. Customers have been considered to be the primary focus of a marketing orientation (Payne, A 1988). Satisfying customer should be the primary task of any business (Levitt, H 1960). Champagne producers investigate and study the market potential demand for. Ideally, they understand both of the customer and market needs, competitors information, the current wine market trends. There are some benefits of marketing orientation can be shown through the Champagne market. Champagne producers have the opportunity to understand the current market demand and customer requirements. They are allowed timely to develop and improve new technology and machinery. So the effect of marketing orientation on producing products is increasing effectiveness and efficiency. The main benefit of this approach not only satisfying consumer needs and tastes but also Champagne producers. Businesses want to make maximize profits from sale wine. Thus, an increasing profits through the increasing customer satisfaction. So profits will increase by consumption increase. So the Champagne producers seem to be absolutely succeeded. If one company insisted on using this strategic approach, his products are likely to survive longer in Champagne market. Why many wine industries props up enterprises have no market focus? Most of wine industries are family enterprises. They improve producing efficiency and quality of production and then reduce cost of materials, this marketing concept known as production orientation. Wine producers do not care about customer or society needs, the production based solely on production plans without consider the possibility to sell them. They have produced wine for more than hundred years. They wont change technology or selling policy. And they dont research customer tastes and market demand. In a sellers market conditions, producers need not worry about wine sales do not sell out. Production orientation is an old kind of business philosophy. Because of this, wine industry began to decline. But champagne market is booming. Therefore, enterprise managers start to recognize that in such a market context, how to adapt to consumer needs and how to achieve customer satisfaction is the most effective planning foundation. It can be believed have very good far-reaching effects to a business (Heiens, R 2000). There are also some downsides of production orientation are shown through wine industries. Production orientation concept is a basic operating guideline in the early development of commodity economy. During this period, most of the wine industries lacks of productivity. So the deflation occurred in the markets, industry cannot produce enough wines. Supply of goods is less than consumer requirements. Customers can only passively accept the goods on the market, thus forming a sellers market. Customers will change their behaviour all the time. Thus, these wines may do not meet the customer tastes. They dont understand customer The foregoing example suggests that there are many differences between marketing orientation and production orientation. Production orientation is a typical feature of a planned economy. Business producing products based on production plans without regard the possibility to sell them, the product improvements or return of profits. Marketing orientation is based on customers demand and produce marketable products for the purpose of profit. Marketing orientation makes the products are improved constantly in order to meet the market demand. Firstly, difference between their cores. In production orientation, wine industries sale wine what are they produced. Businesses may not do any survey to research customer tastes and demand. They used traditionally technology and grapes to product wines in many years. Wine producers never care about sales rate and profits. They believed that customers loyalty to the brands. But in marketing orientation, champagne producers produce products what they will sale. Business managers will make an investigation on customer demand and focus on consumer tastes. They product champagne what are consumers demand. Therefore, champagne producers will obtain the maximum profit. Secondly, difference between their selling means. In production orientation, wine producers may use sales promotion and strong merchandising so as to increase profits. During the period of selling a new product, business put the new characteristics of the product on TV ads. The purpose is to allow more consumers know information of new products. In marketing orientation, champagne producers use a marketing concept Marketing Mix. Marketing mix means that a company selected the target markets with an integrated consideration of environmental, capacity and competition (Neil, H 1984). Using all of the factors to be the best combination and use to complete the business purpose and mission (Neil, H 1984). Marketing mix can be considered as an important component of marketing strategy. Thirdly, differences between them use marketing strategy to promote the products. In production orientation, wine producers do not actively investigate customer preferences and needs. They use the wines tastes or wine of a good year to attract customers. In marketing orientation, champagne producers spend a long time doing researches and find customer demand. They meet customer value. Customer value refers that suppliers bring benefits to their customers. Companies will produce what is consumer really needs. Champagne markets can still booming because they satisfied buyers. Finally, their ultimate goals were different. In production orientation, company gain profits through selling products. They only focus on improving quality of commodities and services and reducing production costs, whatever can they sale out. In marketing orientation, company satisfy customer needs in order to gain profit. They will produce the popular products which are the customer really want to buy, even though some commodities may too expensive. In conclusion, wine production is an interaction of the producers purposes. Their market focus, their marketing background, and the changes in the industry generally. Additionally, market strategies depend on how the owner views him/herself.

Beowulf vs. The 13th Warrior Essay example -- Compare Contrast Beowulf

I have closely compared aspects of Beowulf with the film, â€Å"The 13th Warrior†. Beowulf, written down by an unnamed Christian Monk in the 18th century, served as framework for the plot of â€Å"The 13th Warrior†. Beowulf and The 13th Warrior have extensive differences and even more similarities throughout the two stories. The film was made to actually show the different aspects, techniques, and ways of thinking that the people of medieval times thought. It also helps to put you into a better perspective on what the story â€Å"Beowulf† was like. Even thought the two stories are not exactly the same, they still stand together making a great mark in history. Instead of having a completely perfect fabricated movie of the epic story Beowulf, the story was transformed into a collage of similarities. There are a few scenes in â€Å"The 13th Warrior† that are comparable to scenes in Beowulf. Such as, Ahmed and his men were attacked by the cannibalistic warriors in the in the large hut; and they had fought for their lives trying to defeat the leader of the pack, forcing the cannibals back to their caves where they arose. This scene is synonymous to the story of â€Å"Beowulf† when Beowulf himself, had defeated the almighty Grendal in the mead-hall. Grendal had fallen and fled back towards the lake of hell where he should stay till the end of time. Furthermore, are the next consequential scenes where Beowulf is asked to got to the home of Grendals mother, and slay her just as he did to Grendle. In â€Å"T...

Food Regulations Essay

1.State the administrative agency which controls the regulation. Explain why this agency and your proposed regulation interest you (briefly). Will this proposed regulation affect you or the business in which you are working? If so, how? Submit a copy of the proposed regulation along with your responses to these five questions. The proposed regulation can be submitted as either a separate Word document (.doc) or Adobe file (.pdf). This means you will submit two attachments to the Week 2 Drop box: (a) a Word document with the questions and your answers and (b) a copy of the proposed regulation you used for this assignment. (10 points) 2.Describe the proposal/change. (10 points) 3.Write the public comment that you would submit to this proposal. If the proposed regulation deadline has already passed, write the comment you would have submitted. Explain briefly what you wish to accomplish with your comment. (10 points) 4.Provide the â€Å"deadline† by which the public comment must be made. (If the date has already passed, please provide when the deadline was). (5 points) 5. Once you have submitted your comment, what will you are legally entitled to do later in the promulgation process (if you should choose to do so)? (See the textbook’s discussion of the Administrative Procedure Act.) If the proposal passes, identify and explain the five legal theories you could use in an attempt to have (any) administrative regulation declared invalid and overturned in court. Which of these challenges would be the best way to challenge the regulation you selected for this assignment if you wanted to have the regulation overturned and why? Answer all of these questions for #5 even if you are in favor of your proposed regulation. The response to question 5 should be a minimum of 2–3 paragraphs long. (15 points) 1-FDA publishes rules that establish or modify the way it regulates foods, drugs, biologics, cosmetics, radiation-emitting electronic products, and medical devices commodities close to the daily lives of all Americans. FDA rules have considerable impact on the nation’s health, industries and economy. My concern is that under the federal law, a claim that a food is intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease makes that food a drug, and is unlawful. However, federal law provides for FDA approval of a health claim, which is a statement that characterizes the relationship of any substance to a disease or health-related condition (e.g. a claim that calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis). Under the statutory standard for approval, the claim must be supported by significant scientific agreement. (www.iflr.msu.edu/iflr/courses/united_states_food_laws†¦) 2. The adequacy of federal oversight of food safety recently became the subject of intense media and Congressional scrutiny. The issue came to national prominence when contaminated food caused the death and illness of hundreds of people. The episode served to heighten awareness of the fact that an increasing proportion of the food consumed domestically is imported, and much of it from countries that do not have well established food safety systems. It also began to focus attention on the fact that FDA’s funding has not kept up with the responsibilities that have been heaped upon it over the past several years, and that FDA will need additional legal authority to effectively address some problem areas; they have adequate funding and resources. FDA covered the overall food safety systems of the countries, as well as their food safety systems such as specific commodity areas; i.e. seafood, including molluscan shellfish, imported meat products, vegetables and dairy products (exclu ding Grade â€Å"A† pasteurized milk products). (www.fda.gov/Food/InternationalActivities/Imports/default.htm) 3. The controversy over trans-fat offers an example of how one kind of regulation at the federal level can beget other forms of regulation at the state level. In 2006, an FDA regulation went into effect that requires listing the amount of trans-fat present in a packaged food on the label of that food. FDA did not go so far as to ban the use of trans-fat, something that some consumer groups were advocating. However, shortly after the issuance of FDA’s rule, state and local jurisdictions started stepping into the breach. A number of localities have banned the use of trans-fat in restaurant foods, and some states, such as California, have begun to follow suit. Faced with a patchwork of local requirements and the potential for adverse publicity, some major restaurant chains have reformulated their products to eliminate the use of trans-fat, however, nations wide has not complied or just finds a loophole to go around the system in avoiding such regulations. Another issue is the increasing concern of the status of federal regulation of foods and other products that contain nanomaterial. Both proponents and skeptics of nanotechnology hold the view that industry has raced ahead of regulatory authorities in bringing nanotech products to market, thereby increasing the potential for consumer injury and environmental harm. Thus, there is at least some support for stronger regulatory oversight of nanotech products in general, and of nanotech foods, including food additives and dietary supplements in specific. Recently, FDA announced that it will hold a public hearing to seek input on various aspects of its approach to regulation of nanotechnology. FDA likely will follow up on that hearing with the issuance of guidance documents specific to the product categories that it oversees. (www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/146784/Healthcare+Food†¦) 4. By law, anyone should participate in the rule-making process by commenting in writing on rules FDA proposes. FDA routinely allows the public input and carefully considers the comments when it draws up a final rule. Another way to influence the way FDA does business is to petition the agency to issue, change or cancel a regulation, or to take other action. FDA will act to implement a provision of the FDA Amendments Act of 2007 that requires FDA to establish a reportable food registry, and that requires any person who submits a registration for a food facility under the Bioterrorism Act of 2002 to also notify FDA of instances of reportable food. A reportable food is one for which there exists a reasonable probability that use of, or exposure to, the food will cause serious adverse health consequences or death, the same standard that currently applies to Class I recalls, so the practical effect of the new provision should make it mandatory for companies to notify FDA of a Class I recall situation. FDA Petitions require careful preparation by the submitter, they spends considerable time and staff resources processing petitions. Individuals sometimes submit petitions, but most come from regulated industry or consumer groups. For example, a drug company might request a change in labeling for one of its products; a food company might ask that its product be exempted from some provision of a regulation; or a consumer group might petition FDA to tighten regulation of a certain product. (RegistrarCorp.com/FDA-Food) 5. Health claims have been the subject of considerable controversy. After protracted litigation, federal courts ruled that FDA cannot impose an outright ban on claims that have some scientific support but fail to meet the statutory standard of significant scientific agreement. FDA’s strict application of the statutory standard was held to violate the First Amendment of the US Constitution, which protects against government infringement of speech that is not false or misleading. In response to those court decisions, FDA should develop a process for approval of qualified health claims; in order to attempt and describe the strength of the scientific evidence that supports a claim. Qualified health claims should be the subject of controversy in their own right. Some observers believe that qualified health claims are as likely to mislead as to inform consumers, and opposition to their use has grown to the point where Congressional representatives have asked FDA to stop approving them altogether. It remains to be seen how the controversy will be resolved, given that FDA’s current approach was essentially forced on it by the judiciary. (www.iflr.msu.edu/iflr/courses/united_states_food_laws) References: FDA gov Homepage – U.S Food and Drug Administration homepage; Retrieved form www.fda.gov January 19th, 2013 US FDA Food Regulations/FDA Beverage Regulations; Retrieved from www.registrarcorp.com/fda-food/index.jsp? January 20, 2013 Importing Food Products into the United States; Retrieved from www.fda.gov/Food/InternationalActivities/Imports/default.htm . January 20, 2013 United States – FDA Food Labeling Regulations; Retrieved from www.ladas.com/BULLETINS/1994/0694Bulletin/US_Food

The Sobibor Revoltâ€Jewish Retaliation During Holocaust

The Sobibor Revolt- Jewish Retaliation During Holocaust Jews have often been accused of going to their deaths during the Holocaust like sheep to the slaughter, but this just wasnt true. Many resisted. However, the individual attacks and the individual escapes lacked the zest of defiance and craving for life that others, looking back in time, expect and want to see. Many now ask, why didnt the Jews just pick up guns and shoot? How could they let their families starve and die without fighting back? However, one must realize that resisting and revolting were just not this simple. If one prisoner were to pick up a gun and shoot, the SS would not just kill the shooter, but also randomly choose and kill twenty, thirty, even a hundred others in retaliation. Even if escaping from a camp were possible, where were the escapees to go? The roads were traveled by Nazis and the forests were filled with armed, anti-Semitic Poles. And during the winter, during the snow, where were they to live? And if they had been transported from the West to the East, they spoke Dutch or French - not Polish. How were they to survive in the countryside without knowing the language? Although the difficulties seemed insurmountable and success improbable, the Jews of the Sobibor Death Camp attempted a revolt. They made a plan and attacked their captors, but axes and knives were little match for the SSs machine guns. With all this against them, how and why did the prisoners of Sobibor come to the decision to revolt? Rumors During the summer and fall of 1943, the transports into Sobibor came less and less frequently. The Sobibor prisoners had always realized that they had been allowed to live only in order for them to work, to keep the death process running. However, with the slowing of the transports, many began to wonder whether the Nazis had actually succeeded in their goal to wipe out Jewry from Europe, to make it Judenrein. Rumors began to circulate- the camp was to be liquidated. Leon Feldhendler decided it was time to plan an escape. Though only in his thirties, Feldhendler was respected by his fellow inmates. Before coming to Sobibor, Feldhendler had been the head of the Judenrat in the Zolkiewka Ghetto. Having been at Sobibor for nearly a year, Feldhendler had witnessed several individual escapes. Unfortunately, all were followed by severe retaliation against the remaining prisoners. It was for this reason, that Feldhendler believed that an escape plan should include the escape of the entire camp population. In many ways, a mass escape was more easily said than done. How could you get six hundred prisoners out of a well-guarded, land mine-surrounded camp without having the SS discover your plan before it was enacted or without having the SS mow you down with their machine guns? A plan this complex was going to need someone with military and leadership experience. Someone who could not only plan such a feat but also inspire the prisoners to carry it out. Unfortunately, at the time, there was no one in Sobibor who fit both these descriptions. Sasha On September 23, 1943, a transport from Minsk rolled into Sobibor. Unlike most incoming transports, 80 men were selected for work. The SS were planning on building storage facilities in the now empty Lager IV, thus chose strong men from the transport rather than skilled workers. Among those chosen on that day was First Lieutenant Alexander Sasha Pechersky as well as a few of his men. Sasha was a Soviet prisoner of war. He had been sent to the front in October 1941 but had been captured near Viazma. After having been transferred to several camps, the Nazis, during a strip search, had discovered that Sasha was circumcised. Because he was Jewish, the Nazis sent him to Sobibor. Sasha made a big impression on the other prisoners of Sobibor. Three days after arriving at Sobibor, Sasha was out chopping wood with other prisoners. The prisoners, exhausted and hungry, were raising the heavy axes and then letting them fall on the tree stumps. SS Oberscharfà ¼hrer Karl Frenzel was guarding the group and regularly punishing already exhausted prisoners with twenty-five lashes each. When Frenzel noticed that Sasha had stopped working during one of these whipping frenzies, he said to Sasha, Russian soldier, you dont like the way I punish this fool? I give you exactly five minutes to split this stump. If you make it, you get a pack of cigarettes. If you miss by as much as one second, you get twenty-five lashes.1 It seemed an impossible task. Yet Sasha attacked the stump [w]ith all my strength and genuine hatred.2 Sasha finished in four and a half minutes. Since Sasha had completed the task in the allotted time, Frenzel made good on his promise of a pack of cigarettes - a highly prized commodity in the camp. Sasha refused the pack, saying Thanks, I dont smoke.3 Sasha then went back to work. Frenzel was furious. Frenzel left for a few minutes and then returned with bread and margarine - a very tempting morsel for all who are really hungry. Frenzel handed the food to Sasha. Again, Sasha refused Frenzels offer, saying, Thank you, the rations we are getting satisfy me fully.4 Obviously a lie, Frenzel was even more furious. However, instead of whipping Sasha, Frenzel turned and abruptly left. This was a first in Sobibor - someone had had the courage to defy the SS and succeeded. News of this incident spread quickly throughout the camp. Sasha and Feldhendler Meet Two days after the wood cutting incident, Leon Feldhendler asked that Sasha and his friend Shlomo Leitman come that evening to the womens barracks to talk. Though both Sasha and Leitman went that night, Feldhendler never arrived. In the womens barracks, Sasha and Leitman were swamped with questions - about life outside the camp...about why the partisans had not attacked the camp and freed them. Sasha explained that the partisans have their tasks, and no one can do our work for us.  5 These words motivated the prisoners of Sobibor. Instead of waiting for others to liberate them, they were coming to the conclusion that they would have to liberate themselves. Feldhendler had now found someone who not only had the military background to plan a mass escape, but also someone who could inspire confidence in the prisoners. Now Feldhendler needed to convince Sasha that a plan of mass escape was needed. The two men met the following day, on September 29. Some of Sashas men were already thinking of escape- but for just a few people, not a mass escape. Feldhendler had to convince them that he and others in the camp could help the Soviet prisoners because they knew the camp. He also told the men of the retaliation that would occur against the whole camp if even just a few were to escape. Soon, they decided to work together and information between the two men passed via a middle man, Shlomo Leitman, so as not to draw attention to the two men. With the information about the routine of the camp, layout of the camp, and specific characteristics of the guards and SS, Sasha began to plan. The Plan Sasha knew that any plan would be far-fetched. Even though the prisoners outnumbered the guards, the guards had machine guns and could call for back-up. The first plan was to dig a tunnel. They started digging the tunnel in the beginning of October. Originating in the carpentry shop, the tunnel had to be dug under the perimeter fence and then under the minefields. On October 7, Sasha voiced his fears about this plan - the hours at night were not sufficient to allow the entire camp population to crawl through the tunnel and fights were likely to flare-up between prisoners waiting to crawl through. These problems were never encountered because the tunnel was ruined from heavy rains on October 8 and 9. Sasha began working on another plan. This time it was not just a mass escape, it was a revolt. Sasha asked that members of the Underground start preparing weapons in the prisoner workshops- they began to make both knives and hatchets. Although the Underground had already learned that the camp commandant, SS Haupsturmfà ¼hrer Franz Reichleitner and SS Oberscharfà ¼hrer Hubert Gomerski had gone on vacation, on October 12 they saw SS Oberscharfà ¼hrer Gustav Wagner leaving the camp with his suitcases. With Wagner gone, many felt the opportunity ripe for the revolt. As Toivi Blatt describes Wagner: Wagners departure gave us a tremendous morale boost. While cruel, he was also very intelligent. Always on the go, he could suddenly show up in the most unexpected places. Always suspicious and snooping, he was difficult to fool. Besides, his colossal stature and strength would make it very difficult for us to overcome him with our primitive weapons.6 On the nights of October 11 and 12, Sasha told the Underground the complete plans for the revolt. The Soviet prisoners of war were to be dispersed to different workshops around the camp. The SS would be individually lured to the various workshops either by appointments to pick up finished products they had ordered like boots or by individual items that attracted their greed like a newly arrived leather coat. The planning took into consideration the Germans brashness and power-hungry mistreatment of the seemingly subdued Jews, their consistent and systematic daily routine, their unfaltering punctuality, and their greed.7 Each SS man would be killed in the workshops. It was important that the SS did not cry out when being killed nor any of the guards alerted that something unusual was happening in the camps. Then, all the prisoners would report as usual to the roll call square and then walk out together through the front gate. It was hoped that once the SS had been eliminated, the Ukrainian guards, who had a small supply of ammunition, would acquiesce to the revolting prisoners. The phone lines were to be cut early in the revolt so that the escapees would have several hours of fleeing time under the cover of darkness before back-up could be notified. Significant to the plan was that only a very small group of the prisoners even knew of the revolt. It was to be a surprise to the general camp population at roll call. It was decided that the following day, October 13, would be the day of revolt. We knew our fate. We knew that we were in an extermination camp and death was our destiny. We knew that even a sudden end to the war might spare the inmates of the normal  concentration camps, but never us. Only desperate actions could shorten our suffering and maybe afford us a chance of escape. And the will to resist had grown and ripened. We had no dreams of liberation; we hoped merely to destroy the camp and to die from bullets rather than from gas. We would not make it easy for the Germans.8 October 13 The day had finally arrived. Tension was high. In the morning, a group of SS arrived from the nearby Ossowa labor camp. The arrival of these additional SS not only increased the man power of the SS in the camp but could preclude the regular SS men from making their appointments in the workshops. Since the additional SS were still in the camp during lunchtime, the revolt was postponed. It was rescheduled for the following day - October 14. As the prisoners went to bed, many were afraid of what was to come. Esther Grinbaum, a very sentimental and intelligent young woman, wiped away her tears and said: Its not yet the time for an uprising. Tomorrow none of us will be alive. Everything will remain as it was - the barracks, the sun will rise and set, the flowers will bloom and wilt, but we will be no more. Her closest friend, Helka Lubartowska, a beautiful dark-eyed brunette, tried to encourage her: There is no other way. Nobody knows what the results will be, but one thing is sure, we will not be led to slaughter.9 October 14 The day had come. Excitement among the prisoners was so high that no matter what happened, the revolt could not be postponed, for the SS were sure to notice the change in mood in the prisoners. The few weapons that had been made were already handed out to those doing the killing. In the morning, they all had to try to look and act normal while waiting for the afternoon to come. NoonAll battle team commanders (the prisoners who were to actively participate in the revolt were broken up into battle teams of two to three persons each) had each individually met with Sasha for final instructions.Frenzel entered the carpentry shop and noticed one prisoner was wearing especially nice clothing. The inmate was wearing nice clothes in preparation for the revolt. Many other prisoners were wearing extra clothes as well as carrying extra food and valuables. Frenzel asked the prisoner if he was going to a wedding. 102:00 p.m.Something unusual happened. SS Unterscharfà ¼hrer Walter Ryba, armed with a submachine gun, came into Lager I and took four prisoners away with him. SS didnt usually carry such heavy weapons. Could he know about the planned revolt?3:00 to 4:00 p.m.Sasha found out that SS Ryba was only carrying the submachine gun because a Ukrainian guard had not also accompanied the prisoners.Many of the battle teams take their positions.My assignment was to liquidat e Scharfà ¼hrer Greischutz, who was in charge of the Ukrainian guard. I was happy for the opportunity given to me to kill a German. We had prepared axes, which we had sharpened in the smithy. We took up our position an hour earlier. At four oclock we were sitting in the rooms and waited.11 4:00 to 5:00 p.m.The killings began. (Though there are discrepancies in the accounts as to which SS officer was killed at what location, the following is a summary of the SS deaths.)Vorlager: Leon Feldhendler was stationed here to help orchestrate the revolt in this section of the camp.Unterscharfà ¼hrer Josef Wulf: Wulf was the first SS man killed during the revolt. Once he entered the storeroom, one prisoner offered him a coat and another helped him into it. While he was putting on the coat, two other prisoners hit him on the head with axes. Wulfs dead body was then hidden among piles of clothes and the blood was cleaned up.Steubel: Steubel was also lured into the storeroom and killed.Scharfà ¼hrer Vallaster: Killed during revolt; circumstances of death not known.Scharfà ¼hrer Kurt Beckman: While the attempt to lure Beckman to the storeroom for a new leather coat started successfully, on his way he abruptly turned around and went to his office. A little later, three prisoners we nt to Beckmans office where they surprised him and stabbed him with daggers. Since they did not have time to hide his body or clean up the blood, they left the body behind the desk.Unterscharfà ¼hrer Walter Ryba: Not part of the planned killings, Ryba entered the SS garage and was killed by a prisoner working there. Sasha worried that Rybas body, which was very close to the SS and Ukrainian living quarters, would be discovered.Lager I: Sasha Pechersky was stationed here to orchestrate the revolt in this section of the camp.Untersturmfà ¼hrer Josef Niemann: The acting commander of the camp rode up to the tailor shop on his chestnut horse, dismounted, and went inside. As he was being fitted for a new uniform, prisoners hit him on the back of the head with an  axe. His body was then dragged to the back room and his horse taken back to the stables.Oberscharfà ¼hrer  Goettinger: Head of Lager III, Goettinger was asked to try on a new pair of boots in the shoemakers shop. While tal king to the shoemaker, Goettingers head was smashed with an  axe.Scharfà ¼hrer Siegfried Greischutz: Head of the Ukrainian guard, Greischutz was killed once inside the Ukrainian tailor shop.Klat: Klat, a Ukrainian guard, entered the tailors shop looking for his boss, Greischutz (who had just been killed there). The tailors maneuvered Klat so that his back was to the back room. He was then attacked and killed.Scharfà ¼hrer Friedrich Gaulstich: Gaulstich was killed in the carpentry workshop. After 5:00 p.m.The prisoners had gathered as usual in the roll call area. At 5:10 p.m. - twenty minutes early for roll call - the roll call whistle was blown according to Sashas signal. Though Sasha was surprised at how well the plan had gone thus far, he realized that there could not be an orderly march through the front gate. Sasha stood up and addressed the assembled prisoners, saying something similar to Our day has come. Most of the Germans are dead. Lets die with honor. Remember, if anyone survives, he must tell the world what has happened here.12A Ukrainian guard discovered the body of Scharfà ¼hrer Beckman behind his desk and ran outside where SS men hear him yell, A German is dead! This alerted the rest of the camp to the revolt.The prisoners at the roll call square yell, Hurrah! Then it was every man and woman for themselves.Prisoners were running to the fences. Some were trying to cut them, others just climbed over. Yet, in most places, the minefield was still fully in pl ace.Suddenly we heard shots. In the beginning only a few shots, and then it turned into heavy shooting, including machine-gun fire. We heard shouting, and I could see a group of prisoners running with axes, knives, scissors, cutting the fences and crossing them. Mines started to explode. Riot and confusion prevailed, everything was thundering around. The doors of the workshop were opened, and everyone rushed through. . . . We ran out of the workshop. All around were the bodies of the killed and wounded. Near the armory were some of our boys with weapons. Some of them were exchanging fire with the Ukrainians, others were running toward the gate or through the fences. My coat caught on the fence. I took off the coat, freed myself and ran further behind the fences into the minefield. A mine exploded nearby, and I could see a body being lifted into the air and then falling down. I did not recognize who it was.13As the remaining SS were alerted to the revolt, they grabbed machine guns an d began shooting into the mass of people. The guards in the towers were also firing into the crowd.The prisoners were running through the minefield, over an open area, and then into the forest. It is estimated that about half the prisoners (approximately 300) made it to the forests. The Forest Once in the forests, the escapees tried to quickly find relatives and friends. Though they started off in large groups of prisoners, they eventually broke into smaller and smaller groups in order to be able to find food and to hide. Sasha had been leading one large group of about 50 prisoners. On October 17, the group stopped. Sasha chose several men, which included all the rifles of the group except one, and passed around a hat to collect money from the group to buy food. He told the group that he and the others he had chosen were going to do some reconnaissance. The others protested, but Sasha promised hed come back. He never did. After waiting for a long time, the group realized that Sasha was not going to come back, thus they split into smaller groups and headed off in different directions. After the war, Sasha explained his leaving by saying that it would have been impossible to hide and feed such a large group. But no matter how  truthful  this statement, the remaining members of the group felt bitter and betrayed by Sasha. Within four days of the escape, 100 of the 300 escapees were caught. The remaining 200 continued to flee and hide. Most were shot by local Poles or by partisans. Only 50 to 70 survived the war. Though this number is small, it is still much larger than if the prisoners had not revolted, for surely, the entire camp population would have been liquidated by the Nazis. Notes 1. Alexander Pechersky as quoted in Yitzhak Arad,  Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps  (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987) 307.2. Alexander Pechersky as quoted in Ibid 307.3. Alexander Pechersky as quoted in Ibid 307.4. Alexander Pechersky as quoted in Ibid 307.5. Ibid 308.6. Thomas Toivi Blatt,  From the Ashes of Sobibor: A Story of Survival  (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1997) 144.7. Ibid 141.8. Ibid 139.9. Arad,  Belzec  321.10. Ibid 324.11. Yehuda Lerner as quoted in Ibid 327.12. Richard Rashke,  Escape From Sobibor  (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995) 229.13. Ada Lichtman as quoted in Arad,  Belzec  331. 14. Ibid 364. Bibliography Arad, Yitzhak.  Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps.  Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987. Blatt, Thomas Toivi.  From the Ashes of Sobibor: A Story of Survival. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1997. Novitch, Miriam.  Sobibor: Martyrdom and Revolt. New York: Holocaust Library, 1980. Rashke, Richard.  Escape From Sobibor. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995.

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